NGOSHA THE PRODIGY

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UNDERSTAND THE HISTORY OF FACEBOOK

Mark Zuckerberg, 23, founded Facebook while studying
psychology at Harvard University . A keen computer
programmer, Mr Zuckerberg had already developed a number
of social-networking websites for fellow students, including
Coursematch, which allowed users to view people taking
their degree, and Facemash, where you could rate people's
attractiveness.

In February 2004 Mr Zuckerberg launched "The facebook", as
it was originally known; the name taken from the sheets of
paper distributed to freshmen, profiling students and staff.
Within 24 hours, 1,200 Harvard students had signed up, and
after one month, over half of the undergraduate population
had a profile.

The network was promptly extended to other Boston
universities, the Ivy League and eventually all US universities.
It became Facebook.com in August 2005 after the address
was purchased for $200,000. US high schools could sign up
from September 2005, then it began to spread worldwide,
reaching UK universities the following month.
As of September 2006, the network was extended beyond
educational institutions to anyone with a registered email
address. The site remains free to join, and makes a profit
through advertising revenue. Yahoo and Google are among
companies which have expressed interest in a buy-out, with
rumoured figures of around $2bn (£975m) being discussed.
Mr Zuckerberg has so far refused to sell.
The site's features have continued to develop during 2007.
Users can now give gifts to friends, post free classified
advertisements and even develop their own applications -
graffiti and Scrabble are particularly popular.

mark Zuckerberg, the CEO of facebook

Ulugu Sahani images

Historia ya wasukuma

Ulugu sahani, the nomad


Wasukuma ni kabila kubwa zaidi nchini Tanzania :

linakadiriwa kufikia watu milioni 7, idadi inayowakilisha asilimia 16 ya wakazi wa nchi kwa ujumla.

Jina "Wasukuma" lina maana ya watu wa upande wa " kaskazini ", lakini maana hii haiwakilishi maana halisi ambayo watu wengi huitafsiri kwa mfano Wasukuma
hutumia alama ya utambulisho (dira ) kwa eneo fulani kwa
viashirio vya makabila, kwa mfano wa jina kama hili: 
Kiya. Hili lina maana ya mashariki ambako ni maawio ya jua. Huu
ni utambulisho ambao haukufananishwa ama kuitwa kwa
jina la kabila fulani. Mfano mwingine ni upande wa
"Dakama" ambapo yatambulisha kama eneo la Unyamwezi
lakini zaidi ya mpanuko wake ni upande wa "kusini". Zaidi
ya hapo neno hili hutumiwa sana na kabila la Wanyamwezi
ili kutambulisha eneo la Wasukuma ambapo Wasukuma
nao husema "dakama". Upande mwingine ambao unapewa
alama ya utambulisho ni "Ushashi" maana yake ni upande
wa kabila la Washashi na neno hili Washashi ni
mkusanyiko wa makabila ya mkoa wa mara , japo pia neno
hili "shahi" linamaanisha kabila la Wakurya ambalo pia
mpanuko wake unakomea hapo, ambapo zaidi ya hapo
eneo zima la upande huo unamaanisha upande wa
kaskazini. Upande wa mwisho kutambulishwa ni "Ngw’eli",
neno hili halikupewa kabila na badala yake linawakilisha
upande wa magharibi (dira), ambako ni machweo ya jua.
"Wasukuma wenyewe hulirejea jina hili kama "Basuguma"
kwa wingi na "Nsuguma" kwa umoja.
Eneo
Wasukuma huishi eneo la kaskazini magharibi mwa  Tanzania, karibu na mwambao wa kusini mwa Ziwa Victoria , na maeneo mbalimbali ya utawala ya wilaya ya
Nyamagana, Mkoa wa Mwanza , upo pia kusini magharibi
mwa mkoa wa Mkoa wa Mara , Mkoa wa Simiyu na Mkoa
wa Shinyanga.
Eneo la kaskazini la makazi yao ni katika mbuga maarufu
Serengeti . Familia za Wasukuma wengi sana wamehamia
maeneo ya kusini kuelekea mkoa wa Rukwa ambao baadae
umegawanywa na kuzaa mkoa wa Katavi, wakipita maeneo
ya kabila la Wapimbwe na hivyo kufanya makazi katika
eneo hili la kijiji cha Wapimbwe.
Eneo hili linakadiriwa kuwa na ukubwa wa mita za mraba
910 hadi 1200.
Mwinuko wake unakadiriwa kuwa inchi 20 hadi 40 ya ujazo
wa mvua kutoka Novemba hadi Machi.
Kiwango cha juu cha joto hutegemea angalau ni kutoka
wakati kiwango cha chini nyakati za usiku hushuka na
kufikia 15°C.
Maeneo yaliyo na madini
Wasukuma wamezungukwa na madini mbalimbali.
Yafuatayo ni maeneo yaliyo na madini: 1. Mwadui (Huku
kuna madini ya almasi ambayo kwa kiwango kikubwa
huipatia serikali pesa za kigeni) 2. Maganzo (Vilevile eneo
hili limewekwa kwa ajili ya wachimbaji wadogowadogo wa
almasi, eneo hili liko magharibi ya Mwadui.)
Shughuli za kiuchumi
Shughuli kuu za kiuchumi kwa Wasukuma ni kilimo, uvuvi,
ufugaji na biashara.
Pamba ndio zao kuu la kibiashara kwa wasukuma, ambao
pia hulima mazao mengine kama mpunga, tumbaku,
mahindi, viazi , dengu na ma tunda ( kisiwani Ukerewe )
Wasukuma pia ni wafanyabiashara na uvuvi, madini
mbalimbali kama vile dhahabu, almasi na madini
mengineyo ambayo huchimbwa katika maeneo mbalimbali
mikoa ya Mwanza na Shinyanga.
Wasukuma pia wanajihusisha sana na kilimo cha mazao ya nafaka na mifugo ya aina mbalimbali. Maeneo ya Shinyanga wanalima mazao ya nafaka kama mahindi na
mpunga. Idadi ya watu inaongezeka kwa kasi na hivyo pia kuongezeka kwa wakulima wa mbogamboga .
Shughuli za sherehe
Wasukuma wengi katika karne ya 20 walitumia utamaduni
wao zaidi katika kusherehekea matukio ya nyakati
mbalimbali, kwa mfano wakati wa mavuno, unyago , ndoa ,
misiba n.k.
Watemi ndio walikuwa viongozi wa kabila la Wasukuma na
watu walikaa kiukoo katika eneo moja.
Makala hii kuhusu utamaduni wa Tanzania bado ni mbegu .
Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Wasukuma kama historia
yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine?
Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza
au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?
Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na

kuongeza habari .

TEN SECRETS OF SUCCESS

1. Sleep less. This is one of the best investments you can make to make your life more productive and rewarding. Most people do not need more than 6 hours to maintain an excellent state of health. Try getting up one hour earlier for 21 days and it will develop into a powerful habit. Remember, it is the quality not the quantity of sleep that is important. And just imagine having an extra 30 hours a month to spend on the things that are important to you.

2. Set aside one hour every morning for personal development matters. Meditate, visualize your day, read inspirational texts to set the tone of your day, listen to motivational tapes or read great literature. Take this quiet period to vitalize and energize your spirit for the productive day ahead. Watch the sun rise once a week or be with nature. Starting the day off well is a powerful strategy for self-renewal and personal effectiveness.

3. Do not allow those things that matter the most in your life be at the mercy of activities that matter the least. Every day, take the time to ask yourself the question "is this the best use of my time and energy?" Time management is life management so guard your time with great care.

4. Use the rubber band method to condition your mind to focus solely on the most positive elements in your life. Place a rubber band around your wrist. Each time a negative, energy sapping thought enters your mind, snap the rubber band. Through the power of conditioning, your mind will associate pain with negative thinking and you will soon possess a strongly positive mindset.

5. Always answer the phone with enthusiasm in your voice and show your appreciation for the caller. Good phone manners are essential. To convey authority on the line, stand up. This will instill further confidence in your voice.

6. Throughout the day we all get inspiration and excellent ideas. Keep a set of cards (the size of business cards; available at most stationary stores) in your wallet along with a pencil to jot down these insights. When you get home, put the ideas in a central place such as a coil notepad and review them from time to time. As noted by Oliver Wendell Holmes: "Man's mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions."

7. Set aside every Sunday evening for yourself and be strongly disciplined with this habit. Use this period to plan your week, visualize your encounters and what you want to achieve, to read new materials and inspirational books, to listen to soft soothing music and to simply relax. This habit will serve as your anchor to keep you focused, motivated and effective throughout the coming week.

8. Always remember the key principle that the quality of your life is the quality of your communication. This means the way you communicate with others and, more importantly, the way you communicate with yourself. What you focus on is what you get. If you look for the positive this is what you get. This is a fundamental law of Nature.

9. Stay on purpose, not on outcome. In other words, do the task because it is what you love to do or because it will help someone or is a valuable exercise. Don't do it for the money or the recognition. Those will come naturally. This is the way of the world.

10. Laugh for five minutes in the mirror each morning. Steve Martin does. Laughter activates many beneficial chemicals within the body that place us into a very joyous state. Laughter also returns the body to a state of balance. Laughter therapy has been regularly used to heal persons with varied ailments and is a wonderful tonic for life's ills. While the average 4 year old laughs 500 times a day, the average adult is lucky to laugh 15 times a day. Revitalize the habit of laughter, it will put far more living into your life.www.google.com

Facts and puzzles about the phenomena of life.

Life is amazing. It is all around us in a diversity of forms,ranging from microscopic bacteria to ancient towering trees, from almost inert lichen to transient insect blooms, from birds flocking in the sky to thriving colonies of tube worms at inky deep-sea vents. The first forms of life on earth spontaneously arose out of a preexisting prebiotic chemical soup. From those simple origins has evolved a diverse hierarchy of forms of life, which includes the most complex objects in the known universe. Individual living entities (organisms) maintain their self-identity and their self- organization while continually exchanging materials and energy and information with their local environment. Different species of life flexibly and tenaciously exploit various niches in the environment. When viewed on a long enough time scale, life forms are always changing, adjusting, producing novel responses to unpredictable contingencies, adapting and evolving through blindly opportunistic natural selection. Not all the diversity and complexity and change in life is adaptive, of course. Random drift, architectural constraints and other non-adaptive factors have their influence. But what is especially distinctive and striking about life in the long run is the supple, open-ended evolutionary process that perpetually produces novel adaptations. In fact, I will contend in this paper that supple adaptation defines life at its most general. There are plenty of puzzles about the concept of life. The concrete objects ready to hand are usually easily classified as living or non-living. Fish and ants are alive while candles, crystals and clouds are not. Yet many things are genuinely puzzling to classify as living or not. Viruses are one borderline case, biochemical soups of evolving RNA strings in molecular genetics laboratories are another. The Gaia hypothesis (Lovelock 1988), according to which the entire chemical and biological environment around the surface of the earth (including things like the oceans and the atmosphere) constitute one living organism, also strains the ordinary concept of life. So does the search for extraterrestrial life. Extraterrestrial life forms, if any exist, might well not depend on DNA-encoded information or, indeed, any familiar carbon chemistry processes. How would we recognize extraterrestrial life if we found it? We have no reason to suppose it will have any of the accidental characteristics found in familiar forms of life. What, then, are the essential properties possessed by all possible forms of life? The search for extraterrestrial life needs some answer to this question, for we can search for life only if we have a prior conception of what life is. The phenomena of life raise a variety of subtle and controversial questions. Borderline cases like viruses raise the general issue of whether life is a black-or-white property, as it seems at first blush, or whether it comes in shades of gray. Early life forms somehow originated from pre-biotic chemical soup. Does this imply that there is an ineliminable continuum of things being more or less alive, as many suppose (e.g., Cairns-Smith 1985, Küppers 1985, Bagley and Farmer 1992, Emmeche 1994, Dennett 1995)? Another subtle question concerns the different levels of living phenomena&endash;such as cells, organs, organisms, ecosystems&endash;and asks in what senses (if any) the concept of life applies at these various levels. Mayr (1982) seems to be especially sensitive to this question, although he has no ready answer. Recently a third question has been receiving lots of attention (e.g., Langton 1989a , Emmeche 1992): Does the essence of life concern matter or form? On the one hand, certain distinctive carbon-based macromolecules play a crucial role in the vital processes of all known living entities; on the other hand, life seems to be more in the nature of a process than a kind of substance. The relationship between life and mind raises a fourth question. When we consider plants, bacteria, insects, and mammals, for example, we apparently find different kinds of mental activity, and it seems that different degrees of behavioral sophistication correspond to different levels of intelligence. Might the various forms of life and mind be somehow connected? To answer questions like these and make sense of the puzzling phenomena of life, we need a sound and compelling grasp of the nature of life. Can any property embrace and unify not only life's existing diversity but also all its possible forms? What is the philosophically and scientifically most plausible way to account for the characteristic life-like features of this striking diversity of phenomena? How can we resolve the controversies about life? The concept of life as supple adaptation, explained below, is my attempt to address these issues. Notice that our ordinary, everyday concept of life does not settle what the true nature of life is. Thus, we are not concerned here with careful delineation of the paradigms and stereotypes that we commonly associate with life. We want to know what life is , not what people think life is. Glass does not fall under the everyday concept of a liquid, even though chemists tell us that glass really is a liquid. Likewise, we should not object if the true nature of life happens to have some initially counterintuitive consequences.

20 truths about life that nobody wants to believe

I was thinking the other day about how there are all
these key pieces of advice that someone influential in
our lives (mom, dad, grandma, Cthulu) tells us are true,
but that we don’t like the answers to. So to deal with the
issue, we decide we’re too awesome to pay attention
and insist on failing for ourselves.
Anyway, I thought I’d make a list of the truths I’ve
discovered in case anyone out there is wondering about
them. NOW: I’ve tested these things and can vouch for
their truth, but feel free to ignore me if you’d like the
experience of screwing up for yourself. It’s cool.
Here we go:
1. If you want to lose weight or see your abs, you need
to eat less.
Nobody wants to eat less or eat better, so if they want to
lose weight, they keep eating and simply exercise more. I
know I did. I have been aggressively weight training for
20 years and have experimented with just about every
way of training out there. I have done powerlifting. I have
done strongman workouts. I have done Crossfit. I once
did four major endurance events in two months, and I
trained 20+ hours a week during that time. But despite all
of that, I only finally got a six pack when I got my diet
under control and started tracking what I ate religiously
using an app . There’s an expression that says “you can’t
out-train a bad diet” and one that says “abs are made in
the kitchen.” Both are 100% true.
2. The best moneymaking and success strategy is to be
awesome.
It’s amazing how many people fret about perfecting their
marketing strategy when what they have to offer is total
shit. Sure, marketing and SEO and positioning matter…
but only once you are producing awesome stuff. No
matter how many times we talk about marketing funnels
or KDP Select promotion strategy on the podcast , the
bottom-line advice always boils down to, “Keep writing
awesome books that people love.” That philosophy
applies to everything.
3. Most people are lazy.
People say they want to make some kind of a change.
They get good, solid advice. Then they do nothing.
NOTHING. In most cases, failure is not the result of
outside influences. In most cases, failure is due to a
simple lack of effort. It’s an ugly truth, but it’s the truth,
all right: most people don’t want what they claim to want
badly enough to actually put in the work required to get
it.
4. Guilt and regret won’t make your problems go away.
There’s no point in dwelling on bad things that
happened or that you did in the past. Most people feel
that it’s their duty to dwell on guilt, as if they’ll somehow
be a horrible person if they refuse to keep feeling guilty.
It’s not true. What happened happened. Move on.
5. Bitching won’t make your problems go away.
This one is hilarious to see in action. Why does your
father always complain about his crappy car? Why does
your neighbor complain about the government and
taxes? Bitching and complaining does nothing. Action
does something, but bitching is not action. Bitching is
bitching. Yet people do it fervently, as if they think that
bitching enough will, by itself, solve the problem.
6. Doggedly pursuing a stupid idea won’t turn it into it a
smart idea.
I once tried to get a Ph.D in genetics. I hated my studies
within a month, but I told myself that if I just stuck with
it, I’d eventually love it and life would be grand. It didn’t,
and eventually I wised up and quit. One of the best
aphorisms I’ve ever heard is from the movie Christine ,
when Darnell says, “You can’t polish a turd.” So stop
trying. That turd is a turd, and no matter how long you
polish it, it won’t turn into a shiny new Plymouth Fury.
And sure, Arnie got lucky in the movie, but his car turned
out to be evil. There’s a lesson there.
7. You should always be yourself.
Ask any gay person if they’d rather go back into the
closet and go back to pretending to be someone they’re
not. I’ll bet you don’t get a yes. It’s always better to be
open about who you are, what you do, what you like,
and what you want out of life. I don’t mean to open a
can of worms on this one, but sex is a huge issue here.
We had a whole episode of our podcast about this if
you’re interested. Just be warned that it is EXTREMELY
NSFW AND NOT APPROPRIATE FOR CHILDREN . (You’ve
been warned; click here to listen.)
8. Worrying is useless.
Worry is like bitching. It changes nothing, but we feel like
we’ve got to do it because if we don’t worry about
something enough, it seems like we’re being flippant.
But try something for me: the next time you’re worried
about something, ask yourself how much the problem
will improve if you worry really, really hard. That’ll fix
things, right?
9. Most successes happen in small steps and take a
long time.
This is the cornerstone message behind my Everyday
Legendary community , which is filled with people who
actually understand that most things worth doing take
time. Almost nothing happens in huge, gestalt leaps.
Want to become a champion ballerina or start a
successful company? Get a little better every day, then
repeat.
10. You shouldn’t buy what you can’t afford.
Want that TV? Wait until you have enough cash to pay
for it. Want to take the vacation but need to borrow from
your credit card (and then not pay it off in full) to do it?
You’d better wait. I’ve violated this plenty. Sometimes,
for necessities, it feels essential. I almost always regret
it.
11. Nobody is rooting for you to fail.
The world isn’t out to get you. There’s no point in
pretending that it is. People have their noses so far in
their own business that they’re not paying attention to
you and your potential failure. You simply don’t matter to
them enough to root against. That means you’re free.
12. Nobody cares if you succeed.
This is the corollary to #11 above. Think Aunt Margaret
will push your new book to all of her friends? Think that
famous person who could really help you will hop on
board with your fantastic idea? Nope. They don’t give a
shit. Not really. They have their own issues. Your
successes are up to you.
13. Nobody cares about your complaints.
I was once part of a group that really, really pissed me
off. I made sure I let them know why I was leaving, and
how unwelcome I felt. I didn’t think that they’d change
and/or beg me to stay, but I thought they’d at least
express concern or regret, or at least register some
emotion. They didn’t. Same when my wife stormed out
of a job under shitty conditions. Same with a bank that
had hideous service. And so on. They don’t care, so
make your feelings known… but then don’t expect a
reaction, and certainly don’t expect change or for them
to make it right.
14. There is very little that you truly need.
Food. Water. Air. Shelter. Those are the things you need .
You do not need a house. A cardboard box covering your
head will do just fine. It’s not ideal, but it will work. Most
people inflate their personal cost of living by turning
things that they merely want into things they feel they
need. It’s okay to want things. It’s good to want things.
But stop adding stress to your life by equating your gym
membership or your car to your literal survival. If you
lose most things, you and your family will continue to
live and will still probably manage to be happy from time
to time.
15. Everyone lives life according to their own rules, not
yours.
Someone says something to you and you’re offended.
You think they’re being a jerk, because you have a
personal rule that says, “If you say X to someone, it’s
because you want to insult them.” But that other person
doesn’t necessarily have the same rules as you have.
They’re responding according to their own rules, and in
all probability, their rules say that they are responding
appropriately. They may even think that you are the bad
guy. So who’s right? Neither; you simply have different
rules. The sooner you realize that everyone is trying to
do the best they can in life with what they have (rather
than going out of their way to be mean to you), the
better.
16. Clueless people don’t know they’re clueless, and
never will.
If you’re aghast that someone is a total dipshit and feel
the need to show them the dipshit nature of their ways,
don’t bother to try. It may be super-obvious to you that
you really shouldn’t rest your testicles on the countertop
while using the sink like some old men used to do at my
gym, but they’re never going to have that epiphany. They
may change to please you, but they will never think,
“Wow, I was really dumb!”
17. It seldom makes sense to try to convince people
you’re right.
I once heard Deepak Chopra call this as “the law of
defenselessness.” It basically goes like this: Have your
opinion, but release the pressing need you have to
defend that opinion to other people. It’s fine to just
believe something and not spend a bunch of time
justifying your point of view, especially when the issue in
question is just an opinion. (TIP: Most things —
including those things you’re certain you’re right about
— are actually opinions.)
18. You really can achieve just about anything.
It may take you a while, but you can in fact achieve most
reasonable things and plenty of unreasonable things.
You’ll see that if you stop deciding that things are
impossible before even trying. (See also: Everyday
Legendary’s central premise.)
19. The people you look up to are just as nervous as you
are.
Succeeding gets a lot easier when you realize that
everyone who has ever succeeded has doubted that
things will work, has failed terribly, and has generally
been where the rest of are: worrying and certain that they
aren’t good enough. (Bonus fact: Those people you look
up to also don’t start being bulletproof and perfect
AFTER they’ve succeeded. They actually remain human
until the day they die.)
20. Your worst-case scenario is seldom very bad.
Here’s a fun game: Ask yourself “what’s the worst that
could happen?” about the thing that worries you most,
and then keep asking it until you can’t ask anymore.
Then, when you’re at the bottom of that chain of
questions, ask yourself how terrible that end result
would really be. Here’s an example: I might lose my job >
I wouldn’t be able to pay the bills > I would lose my
house and car > I’d have to declare bankruptcy > I’d
have to move in with mom/dad/grandma or bum on a
friend’s couch and have a bad credit rating. Now: is that
scenario really THAT bad? Did you die? Are you ruined
forever and ever? Will you be tortured? The truth is that
most “worst case scenarios” are merely inconvenient,
uncomfortable, or embarrassing.
So that’s my list. What are some of yours?

Source- http://johnnybtruant.com/20-truths-about-life-that-nobody-wants-to-believe/

Ulugu sahani